adjourn
พักประชุม - Thai translation
Main Translations
- English: Adjourn
- Thai: พักประชุม (Primary Translation 1)
- Phonetic: Phak prachum
- Detailed Explanation: "พักประชุม" is commonly used in formal contexts such as business meetings, court sessions, or parliamentary debates to indicate a temporary suspension of proceedings. It carries a neutral to formal emotional connotation, implying orderliness and respect for schedules. Semantically, it emphasizes pausing without implying permanent cancellation, often used to allow for breaks, discussions, or rescheduling. For example, in a business setting, it helps maintain professionalism and efficiency.
- Thai: เลื่อน (Secondary Translation 2)
- Phonetic: Luean
- Detailed Explanation: "เลื่อน" is a more general translation, meaning to postpone or defer an event, meeting, or activity. It has a slightly flexible emotional connotation, ranging from neutral in formal contexts to mildly frustrating in informal ones, as it suggests delay. Semantically, it focuses on shifting timelines rather than a temporary halt, making it suitable for broader scenarios like rescheduling appointments. However, it's less specific to meetings than "พักประชุม."
Overview of Usage Scenarios
Adjourn is primarily used in formal and semi-formal contexts to denote the temporary suspension of an activity, such as a meeting, court session, or legislative assembly. Its main scenarios include business environments for efficiency, legal settings for procedural fairness, and social gatherings for politeness. In Thai culture, it reflects a respect for hierarchy and time management, often appearing in professional or official communications to avoid abrupt endings.Example Sentences
Example Sentences in Different Scenarios
Business Scenario
- English: The board decided to adjourn the meeting until next week due to unforeseen issues.
- Thai: คณะกรรมการตัดสินใจพักประชุมไปจนถึงสัปดาห์หน้าเนื่องจากปัญหาที่ไม่คาดฝัน
- Grammatical Breakdown: "The board" (subject, noun phrase) + "decided" (verb, past tense) + "to adjourn" (infinitive verb phrase) + "the meeting" (direct object, noun) + "until next week" (prepositional phrase, adverbial modifier) + "due to unforeseen issues" (prepositional phrase, reason clause).
- Structural Analysis: This is a complex sentence with a main clause ("The board decided...") and subordinate clauses for time and reason. It uses "adjourn" as a transitive verb, highlighting cause-and-effect in professional communication to maintain clarity and authority.
Leisure Scenario
- English: Let's adjourn our game night early because everyone is tired.
- Thai: มาเลื่อนกิจกรรมเล่นเกมในคืนนี้ให้เร็วขึ้นเถอะเพราะทุกคนเหนื่อยแล้ว
- Grammatical Breakdown: "Let's" (contraction of "let us," imperative form) + "adjourn" (verb) + "our game night" (object, possessive noun phrase) + "early" (adverb) + "because" (subordinating conjunction) + "everyone is tired" (dependent clause).
- Structural Analysis: An imperative sentence structure encourages action, with "adjourn" used informally to suggest postponement. It builds a casual tone, emphasizing group consensus in social settings.
Formal Occasion
- English: The judge ordered the court to adjourn for lunch.
- Thai: ผู้พิพากษาสั่งพักการพิจารณาคดีเพื่อรับประทานอาหารกลางวัน
- Grammatical Breakdown: "The judge" (subject) + "ordered" (verb, past tense) + "the court" (indirect object) + "to adjourn" (infinitive clause) + "for lunch" (prepositional phrase).
- Structural Analysis: A simple declarative structure with "adjourn" as an infinitive verb, conveying authority and procedural norms in legal contexts. It ensures the sentence is direct and respectful.
Informal Occasion
- English: We should adjourn the party now; it's getting late.
- Thai: เราควรเลิกปาร์ตี้ตอนนี้แล้ว มันดึกแล้ว
- Grammatical Breakdown: "We" (subject) + "should" (modal verb) + "adjourn" (main verb) + "the party" (object) + "now" (adverb) + "it's getting late" (independent clause, reason).
- Structural Analysis: A compound sentence linking advice with a reason, where "adjourn" acts as a verb to soften the suggestion. This informal use promotes politeness in everyday conversations.
Example Sentences in Different Sentence Types
Declarative Sentence
- English: The committee will adjourn the session at 5 PM.
- Thai: คณะกรรมการจะพักการประชุมในเวลา 5 โมงเย็น
- Grammatical Breakdown: "The committee" (subject) + "will adjourn" (future tense verb) + "the session" (object) + "at 5 PM" (prepositional phrase).
- Structural Analysis: Straightforward declarative structure stating a fact, with "adjourn" as the main verb to indicate future action clearly.
Interrogative Sentence
- English: Should we adjourn the meeting now?
- Thai: เราควรพักประชุมตอนนี้ไหม?
- Grammatical Breakdown: "Should" (modal verb) + "we" (subject) + "adjourn" (verb) + "the meeting" (object) + "now" (adverb)?
- Structural Analysis: An interrogative structure seeking confirmation, using "adjourn" to pose a question that invites discussion, common in decision-making scenarios.
Imperative Sentence
- English: Adjourn the proceedings immediately!
- Thai: พักการดำเนินการทันที!
- Grammatical Breakdown: "Adjourn" (imperative verb) + "the proceedings" (object) + "immediately" (adverb) + "!" (exclamation).
- Structural Analysis: Direct imperative form for commands, with "adjourn" emphasizing urgency and authority in formal settings.
Exclamatory Sentence
- English: What a relief to adjourn early today!
- Thai: ช่างเป็นการพักประชุมแต่เช้าที่น่ายินดีจริงๆ!
- Grammatical Breakdown: "What a relief" (exclamation phrase) + "to adjourn" (infinitive phrase) + "early today" (adverbial phrase) + "!"
- Structural Analysis: Exclamatory structure expresses emotion, with "adjourn" integrated to convey positive surprise or satisfaction.
Example Sentences of Different Difficulties
Simple Sentence
- English: We adjourned the talk.
- Thai: เราพักการสนทนา
- Grammatical Breakdown: "We" (subject) + "adjourned" (verb, past tense) + "the talk" (object).
- Structural Analysis: Basic subject-verb-object structure, ideal for beginners, with "adjourn" used straightforwardly.
Intermediate Sentence
- English: After the debate, they decided to adjourn for a short break.
- Thai: หลังจากการอภิปราย พวกเขาตัดสินใจพักประชุมสั้นๆ
- Grammatical Breakdown: "After the debate" (subordinating clause) + "they" (subject) + "decided" (verb) + "to adjourn" (infinitive) + "for a short break" (prepositional phrase).
- Structural Analysis: A compound sentence with a time clause, showing "adjourn" in context with added details for intermediate learners.
Complex Sentence
- English: Although the agenda was not complete, the chairman chose to adjourn the meeting because of the late hour.
- Thai: แม้ว่าวาระการประชุมจะยังไม่เสร็จสมบูรณ์ ประธานก็เลือกที่จะพักประชุมเนื่องจากเวลาดึกแล้ว
- Grammatical Breakdown: "Although the agenda was not complete" (subordinate clause) + "the chairman" (subject) + "chose" (verb) + "to adjourn" (infinitive) + "the meeting" (object) + "because of the late hour" (subordinate clause).
- Structural Analysis: Multi-clause structure with concessive and causal elements, demonstrating "adjourn" in nuanced, advanced contexts.
Related Phrases and Expressions
Synonyms/Near Synonyms:
- Postpone – Used similarly to delay an event, often in scheduling; e.g., "We need to postpone the event due to rain."
- Suspend – Implies a temporary halt, especially in official contexts; e.g., "The trial was suspended for evidence review."
Antonyms:
- Convene – Means to bring together or start a meeting; e.g., "The committee will convene at 10 AM."
- Resume – Indicates restarting after a pause; e.g., "The session will resume after lunch."
Common Collocations:
- Adjourn a meeting – Refers to ending a session temporarily; e.g., commonly used in corporate or legal settings for smooth transitions.
- Adjourn sine die – Means to adjourn without setting a specific date; e.g., in parliamentary contexts to indicate an indefinite pause.
Cultural Background and Usage Habits
Cultural Background:
- Cultural Point 1: In Western cultures, particularly in the UK and US, "adjourn" originates from parliamentary traditions, symbolizing democratic processes and orderly conduct. In Thailand, it aligns with hierarchical norms, where phrases like "พักประชุม" emphasize respect for authority and group harmony, often seen in government or business meetings to maintain "face" and avoid conflict.
Usage Habits:
- Habit 1: "Adjourn" is frequently used in formal professional groups like executives or lawyers, with high popularity in English-speaking countries. In Thailand, "พักประชุม" is common in daily business but less so in casual conversations, appearing more in urban, educated circles due to its formal tone.