BaanWords

apartheid

การแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติ - Thai translation

Main Translations

  • English: Apartheid
  • Thai: การแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติ (Kan baeng yaek thang chuea chat)
  • Phonetic: Gan baeng yaek thang chuea chat
  • Detailed Explanation: The term "apartheid" originates from Afrikaans and refers to a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination, primarily enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. In English, it carries strong negative emotional connotations, evoking themes of injustice, oppression, and human rights violations. Usage scenarios include historical discussions, political debates, and social justice contexts. Semantic nuances highlight its specificity to racial policies, distinguishing it from general discrimination, and it often implies systemic, government-backed inequality.
  • Thai: อพาร์ไทด์ (Aaphatide)
  • Phonetic: Aaphatide
  • Detailed Explanation: In Thai, "อพาร์ไทด์" is a direct borrowing from English, used in academic, journalistic, or educational contexts to describe the same historical policy. It has emotional connotations of outrage and empathy, especially in discussions about global human rights. Semantic nuances include its role as a proper noun for the South African system, but it can extend metaphorically to other forms of segregation. Usage scenarios are similar to English, such as in Thai media, history classes, or international relations talks, where it emphasizes cultural awareness of colonial legacies.

Overview of Usage Scenarios

Apartheid is primarily used in historical, political, and social contexts to describe policies of racial separation. Its main scenarios include academic discussions (e.g., in education or research), formal debates (e.g., in international forums), and informal conversations (e.g., about social justice). The word often appears in declarative statements for factual reporting, interrogative forms for inquiry, and exclamatory expressions for emphasis on injustice. It is less common in everyday leisure but can arise in business scenarios involving global ethics or diversity training.

Example Sentences

Example Sentences in Different Scenarios

Business Scenario

  • English: In our diversity training session, we discussed how apartheid affected international business relations in the 20th century.
  • Thai: ในเซสชันฝึกอบรมความหลากหลายของเรา เราพูดคุยเกี่ยวกับวิธีที่การแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติส่งผลต่อความสัมพันธ์ทางธุรกิจระหว่างประเทศในศตวรรษที่ 20.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "In our diversity training session" (prepositional phrase indicating context); "we discussed" (subject-verb agreement with "we" as subject and "discussed" as past tense verb); "how apartheid affected" (subordinate clause with "how" as adverb and "apartheid" as direct object); "international business relations" (noun phrase as object); "in the 20th century" (prepositional phrase for time).
  • Structural Analysis: This is a complex sentence with a main clause ("we discussed") and a subordinate clause ("how apartheid affected..."). It uses past tense to describe historical events, making it suitable for professional settings, and highlights "apartheid" as a key noun object for emphasis on ethical topics.

Leisure Scenario

  • English: While watching a documentary on apartheid, I realized how it shaped modern civil rights movements.
  • Thai: ขณะที่ดูสารคดีเกี่ยวกับอพาร์ไทด์ ฉันตระหนักว่ามันส่งผลต่อการเคลื่อนไหวสิทธิพลเมืองในยุคปัจจุบันอย่างไร.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "While watching a documentary" (subordinating conjunction with gerund phrase); "on apartheid" (prepositional phrase modifying "documentary"); "I realized" (subject-verb structure); "how it shaped" (subordinate clause with "how" as adverb and "it" as pronoun referring to apartheid); "modern civil rights movements" (noun phrase as object).
  • Structural Analysis: This compound-complex sentence combines a dependent clause ("While watching...") with an independent clause ("I realized..."). The word "apartheid" functions as a modifier, illustrating casual, reflective usage in leisure activities like viewing media.

Formal Occasion

  • English: The speaker at the United Nations conference condemned apartheid as a grave violation of human rights.
  • Thai: ผู้พูดในที่ประชุมสหประชาชาติประณามการแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติว่าเป็นการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนอย่างร้ายแรง.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "The speaker" (subject noun phrase); "at the United Nations conference" (prepositional phrase for location); "condemned" (verb in past tense); "apartheid" (direct object); "as a grave violation" (prepositional phrase acting as complement); "of human rights" (additional prepositional phrase).
  • Structural Analysis: This is a simple sentence with a clear subject-verb-object structure, using formal language. "Apartheid" serves as the object, emphasizing its role in diplomatic or official discourse for rhetorical impact.

Informal Occasion

  • English: I was reading about apartheid last night and it really made me think about equality issues today.
  • Thai: เมื่อคืนฉันอ่านเกี่ยวกับอพาร์ไทด์แล้วมันทำให้ฉันคิดถึงปัญหาความเท่าเทียมในปัจจุบันจริงๆ.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "I was reading" (subject-verb in past continuous tense); "about apartheid" (prepositional phrase); "last night" (adverbial phrase for time); "and it really made me think" (coordinating conjunction linking clauses); "about equality issues today" (prepositional phrase as object).
  • Structural Analysis: This compound sentence uses conversational tone with conjunctions for flow. "Apartheid" is embedded in a prepositional phrase, making it suitable for casual discussions where the word adds personal reflection.

Example Sentences in Different Sentence Types

Declarative Sentence

  • English: Apartheid was a policy that enforced racial segregation in South Africa.
  • Thai: การแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติเป็นนโยบายที่บังคับการแบ่งแยกเชื้อชาติในแอฟริกาใต้.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "Apartheid" (subject); "was" (linking verb in past tense); "a policy" (predicate nominative); "that enforced" (relative clause); "racial segregation" (direct object); "in South Africa" (prepositional phrase).
  • Structural Analysis: A simple declarative sentence stating facts, with "apartheid" as the subject for direct, informative usage.

Interrogative Sentence

  • English: Did you know that apartheid laws were only repealed in 1991?
  • Thai: คุณรู้ไหมว่ากฎหมายอพาร์ไทด์ถูกยกเลิกในปี 1991?
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "Did you know" (inverted subject-verb for question form); "that" (subordinating conjunction); "apartheid laws" (subject of subordinate clause); "were only repealed" (verb phrase in past tense); "in 1991" (prepositional phrase).
  • Structural Analysis: An interrogative sentence using inversion for inquiry, with "apartheid" as part of the noun phrase to engage the audience.

Imperative Sentence

  • English: Remember the lessons of apartheid when discussing modern inequality.
  • Thai: จงระลึกถึงบทเรียนของการแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติเมื่อพูดคุยเรื่องความไม่เท่าเทียมในยุคปัจจุบัน.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "Remember" (imperative verb); "the lessons" (direct object); "of apartheid" (prepositional phrase modifying object); "when discussing" (subordinate clause).
  • Structural Analysis: An imperative sentence giving commands, with "apartheid" in a prepositional phrase to provide context for action-oriented usage.

Exclamatory Sentence

  • English: How horrific the effects of apartheid were on society!
  • Thai: ช่างน่ากลัวเพียงใดกับผลกระทบของการแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติต่อสังคม!
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "How horrific" (exclamatory phrase); "the effects" (subject); "of apartheid" (prepositional phrase); "were" (verb); "on society" (prepositional phrase).
  • Structural Analysis: An exclamatory sentence for emphasis, with "apartheid" highlighting emotional intensity in expressions of outrage.

Example Sentences of Different Difficulties

Simple Sentence

  • English: Apartheid ended in 1994.
  • Thai: การแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติสิ้นสุดในปี 1994.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "Apartheid" (subject); "ended" (verb in past tense); "in 1994" (prepositional phrase).
  • Structural Analysis: A basic subject-verb structure, ideal for beginners, with "apartheid" as the core element.

Intermediate Sentence

  • English: Apartheid, which lasted for decades, led to widespread protests.
  • Thai: การแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติ ซึ่งยาวนานนับสิบปี นำไปสู่การประท้วงอย่างแพร่หลาย.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "Apartheid" (subject); "which lasted" (relative clause); "for decades" (prepositional phrase); "led to" (verb phrase); "widespread protests" (object).
  • Structural Analysis: A compound sentence with a relative clause, adding complexity while keeping "apartheid" as the focus.

Complex Sentence

  • English: Although apartheid was officially dismantled in the 1990s, its legacy continues to influence racial dynamics in South Africa today.
  • Thai: แม้ว่าการแบ่งแยกทางเชื้อชาติจะถูกยกเลิกอย่างเป็นทางการในทศวรรษ 1990 แต่มรดกของมันยังคงส่งผลต่อพลวัตทางเชื้อชาติในแอฟริกาใต้ในปัจจุบัน.
  • Grammatical Breakdown: "Although" (subordinating conjunction); "apartheid was officially dismantled" (subordinate clause); "in the 1990s" (prepositional phrase); "its legacy continues" (main clause); "to influence" (infinitive phrase); "racial dynamics" (object); "in South Africa today" (prepositional phrase).
  • Structural Analysis: A complex sentence with multiple clauses, using "apartheid" in the subordinate clause for nuanced, advanced discussions.

Related Phrases and Expressions

Synonyms/Near Synonyms:

  • Racial segregation – Used to describe the separation of races, often in a legal or social context, similar to apartheid's core meaning.
  • Institutional discrimination – Refers to systemic biases embedded in organizations, carrying emotional weight like apartheid but broader in scope.

Antonyms:

  • Equality – Represents a state of fairness and equal rights, directly opposing the discriminatory nature of apartheid.
  • Inclusion – Emphasizes welcoming diversity, used in positive contexts to counter segregation policies.

Common Collocations:

  • Apartheid era – Refers to the historical period in South Africa, often used in historical analyses to denote a time of oppression.
  • Fight against apartheid – Common in activist contexts, highlighting resistance and struggles for justice.

Cultural Background and Usage Habits

Cultural Background:

  • Cultural Point 1: Apartheid is deeply tied to South African history, symbolizing the struggle against colonial and racial oppression. In global culture, it represents a cautionary tale of human rights abuses, influencing movements like anti-apartheid activism led by figures such as Nelson Mandela. In Thai culture, it's often discussed in educational settings to promote awareness of international injustices and foster empathy for marginalized groups.

Usage Habits:

  • Habit 1: The word is frequently used in formal and educational contexts, such as Thai schools or media, due to its historical significance. It's popular among intellectuals and activists but less common in everyday conversation, with higher frequency in urban areas or among younger demographics interested in social issues.

Grammar Explanation

  • Grammatical Function: "Apartheid" functions as a noun in sentences, typically as a subject, object, or part of a prepositional phrase. For example, it can be the subject in declarative sentences or the object in discussions of policies.
  • Tense and Voice: As a noun, it doesn't change tenses directly, but verbs associated with it often use past tense (e.g., "Apartheid was enforced") for historical events. In active voice, it emphasizes actions (e.g., "Governments implemented apartheid"), while passive voice highlights effects (e.g., "Apartheid was opposed by many").

References

Etymology and History:

The word "apartheid" comes from Afrikaans, derived from the Dutch word "apart" (meaning "apart" or "separate") and the suffix "-heid" (meaning "state" or "condition"). It was first used in South Africa in the 20th century to describe racial policies, evolving into a global term for segregation after international condemnation in the mid-1900s.

Literary References:

  • From Nelson Mandela's autobiography, "Long Walk to Freedom" (1994): "Apartheid was a crime against humanity." This quote, from Chapter 1, underscores the word's role in anti-oppression narratives.
  • In Alan Paton's novel "Cry, the Beloved Country" (1948): "The laws of apartheid have made a prison of the land." This passage, from Chapter 10, illustrates the word's use in literary depictions of social injustice.