Main Translations

English: Delirious

Phonetic: /dɪˈlɪr.i.əs/ (duh-LEER-ee-us)

Detailed Explanation: The word "delirious" is an adjective that primarily describes a state of extreme excitement, joy, or temporary mental confusion, often due to fever, illness, or overwhelming emotions. In everyday usage, it conveys positive emotional connotations like euphoria (e.g., "delirious with happiness") but can also imply negative semantic nuances in medical contexts, such as disorientation or hallucination. Usage scenarios include emotional highs in personal life, health-related discussions, or dramatic events, making it versatile in both formal and informal settings.

Thai: คลุ้มคลั่ง (Klum klang)

Phonetic: /klùm klang/ (kloom klang)

Detailed Explanation: This is the primary translation for the excited or euphoric sense of "delirious." It is used in scenarios involving intense emotions, such as celebrations or surprises, and carries positive emotional connotations of wild enthusiasm. However, it can have negative nuances if implying irrational behavior. In Thai culture, it's common in informal conversations or media descriptions of events like festivals, emphasizing semantic nuances of temporary madness or overexcitement.

Thai: สับสน (Sap son)

Phonetic: /sàp sǒn/ (sap son)

Detailed Explanation: This secondary translation aligns with the medical or confused aspect of "delirious," referring to mental disorientation, often due to illness or stress. It has neutral to negative emotional connotations and is used in healthcare, psychological discussions, or everyday situations involving confusion. Semantic nuances include a focus on cognitive impairment, which is prevalent in Thai contexts like describing patients in hospitals or elderly care, highlighting cultural sensitivity toward mental health.

Overview of Usage Scenarios

The word "delirious" is commonly used in scenarios involving heightened emotions, medical conditions, or intense experiences. It appears in positive contexts like celebrations (e.g., sports victories) and negative ones like health crises (e.g., fever-induced confusion). In Thai translations, it adapts to cultural norms, such as expressing joy in social gatherings or concern in medical settings, making it a dynamic word for describing extreme states across personal, professional, and health-related situations.

Example Sentences

Example Sentences in Different Scenarios

Business Scenario

English: The employees were delirious with excitement after securing the major contract.

Thai: พนักงานทั้งหมดคลุ้มคลั่งด้วยความตื่นเต้นหลังจากได้รับสัญญาใหญ่ (Panakng tangmod klum klang duay khwam dteun dten lang ja dai sanya yai).

Grammatical Breakdown: "The employees" (subject, noun phrase) + "were" (verb, past tense of "to be") + "delirious" (adjective, describing the state) + "with excitement" (prepositional phrase, modifier) + "after securing the major contract" (adverbial clause, indicating time).

Structural Analysis: This is a simple declarative sentence with an adjective modifying the subject. The structure builds suspense by placing the cause ("after securing...") at the end, common in business English for emphasis on outcomes.

Leisure Scenario

English: After the concert, the fans were delirious and couldn't stop cheering.

Thai: หลังจากคอนเสิร์ต แฟนๆ คลุ้มคลั่งและไม่หยุดเชียร์ (Lang ja con-seert, fan fan klum klang lae mai yud cheern).

Grammatical Breakdown: "After the concert" (adverbial phrase, time indicator) + "the fans" (subject, noun) + "were" (verb) + "delirious" (adjective) + "and couldn't stop cheering" (conjoined clause, verb phrase).

Structural Analysis: A compound sentence linking two ideas with "and," which enhances flow in leisure contexts. The adjective "delirious" intensifies the emotional description, making it engaging for informal storytelling.

Formal Occasion

English: The award recipient appeared delirious during the ceremony, overwhelmed by the honor.

Thai: ผู้รับรางวัลดูคลุ้มคลั่งในพิธี โดยถูกครอบงำด้วยเกียรติยศ (Phu rap rangwan du klum klang nai pithee, doi tuk krob ngom duay giat yot).

Grammatical Breakdown: "The award recipient" (subject) + "appeared" (verb, linking) + "delirious" (adjective) + "during the ceremony" (prepositional phrase) + "overwhelmed by the honor" (participial phrase, modifier).

Structural Analysis: This complex sentence uses subordination to add detail, suitable for formal writing. "Delirious" here conveys controlled excitement, aligning with etiquette in formal events.

Informal Occasion

English: I was delirious after eating that spicy food; it was too much!

Thai: ฉันคลุ้มคลั่งหลังจากกินอาหารเผ็ดนั้น มันมากเกินไป! (Chan klum klang lang ja gin ahan phet nan, man mak geern pai!).

Grammatical Breakdown: "I" (subject) + "was" (verb) + "delirious" (adjective) + "after eating that spicy food" (subordinate clause) + "it was too much" (independent clause, exclamation).

Structural Analysis: An exclamatory compound sentence that uses "delirious" for hyperbolic effect, common in casual conversations to express surprise or discomfort.

Example Sentences in Different Sentence Types

Declarative Sentence

English: She became delirious from the fever last night.

Thai: เธอสับสนเพราะไข้เมื่อคืน (Ther sapsan proh khai muea keun).

Grammatical Breakdown: "She" (subject) + "became" (verb) + "delirious" (adjective, predicate) + "from the fever" (prepositional phrase) + "last night" (adverbial phrase).

Structural Analysis: A straightforward declarative structure, ideal for stating facts, with "delirious" describing a state change.

Interrogative Sentence

English: Are you delirious with joy after hearing the news?

Thai: คุณคลุ้มคลั่งด้วยความสุขหลังจากได้ยินข่าวหรือ? (Khun klum klang duay khwam suk lang ja dai yin khaw reu?).

Grammatical Breakdown: "Are you" (auxiliary verb + subject) + "delirious" (adjective) + "with joy" (prepositional phrase) + "after hearing the news" (subordinate clause) + "?" (question mark).

Structural Analysis: This yes/no interrogative sentence inverts the subject-verb order for inquiry, using "delirious" to probe emotions effectively.

Imperative Sentence

English: Don't drive if you're delirious from lack of sleep!

Thai: อย่าขับรถถ้าคุณสับสนเพราะขาดการนอน! (Ya khap rot thaa khun sapsan proh khat gan non!).

Grammatical Breakdown: "Don't" (imperative verb, negative) + "drive" (base verb) + "if you're delirious" (conditional clause) + "from lack of sleep" (prepositional phrase) + "!" (exclamation).

Structural Analysis: An imperative sentence with a conditional clause, urging action while highlighting risks associated with "delirious."

Exclamatory Sentence

English: How delirious everyone was at the party last night!

Thai: ทุกคนคลุ้มคลั่งแค่ไหนในงานปาร์ตี้เมื่อคืน! (Thuk khon klum klang kae nai nai ngan party muea keun!).

Grammatical Breakdown: "How" (exclamation word) + "delirious" (adjective) + "everyone was" (subject + verb) + "at the party last night" (prepositional phrase) + "!" (exclamation mark).

Structural Analysis: This exclamatory sentence amplifies emotion through "how," making "delirious" central to vivid descriptions.

Example Sentences of Different Difficulties

Simple Sentence

English: He felt delirious after the win.

Thai: เขารู้สึกคลุ้มคลั่งหลังจากชัยชนะ (Khao ru seuk klum klang lang ja chai chana).

Grammatical Breakdown: "He" (subject) + "felt" (verb) + "delirious" (adjective).

Structural Analysis: A basic subject-verb-adjective structure, easy for beginners and direct in conveying a single idea.

Intermediate Sentence

English: Although she was delirious, she managed to finish the task on time.

Thai: แม้ว่าเธอจะสับสน แต่เธอก็จัดการเสร็จทันเวลา (Maew wa ther ja sapsan tae ther gaw jing gan serd tan wehla).

Grammatical Breakdown: "Although" (subordinating conjunction) + "she was delirious" (clause) + "she managed" (main clause) + "to finish the task on time" (infinitive phrase).

Structural Analysis: A compound sentence with a subordinate clause, adding complexity while showing contrast.

Complex Sentence

English: Because the patient was delirious from the medication, the doctor decided to adjust the dosage immediately.

Thai: เพราะผู้ป่วยสับสนจากยา แพทย์จึงตัดสินใจปรับขนาดยาโดยทันที (Proh phu pai sapsan jaak ya, phet jing tad sin jai bpab kha na ya doi tan thi).

Grammatical Breakdown: "Because" (conjunction) + "the patient was delirious from the medication" (dependent clause) + "the doctor decided" (main clause) + "to adjust the dosage immediately" (infinitive phrase).

Structural Analysis: A complex sentence with multiple clauses, demonstrating cause-effect relationships and advanced usage of "delirious."

Related Phrases and Expressions

Synonyms/Near Synonyms:

• Ecstatic – Used to describe overwhelming joy, often in emotional highs (e.g., "She was ecstatic about the promotion, similar to being delirious with happiness").
• Frenzied – Implies wild activity or excitement, with a focus on chaos (e.g., "The crowd became frenzied, much like delirious fans at a concert").

Antonyms:

• Calm – Refers to a state of tranquility, opposite to the excitement of "delirious" (e.g., "He remained calm despite the news, unlike someone delirious with anxiety").
• Composed – Indicates self-control and poise, contrasting mental confusion (e.g., "She stayed composed during the crisis, not delirious from stress").

Common Collocations:

• Delirious with happiness – Used in positive emotional contexts to express extreme joy (e.g., in weddings or victories).
• Delirious fever – Common in medical discussions for fever-induced confusion (e.g., in health reports or caregiver conversations).

Cultural Background and Usage Habits

Cultural Background:

• Cultural Point 1: In Western cultures, "delirious" often appears in literature and media to depict romantic or adventurous excitement, as seen in English novels. In Thai culture, equivalents like "คลุ้มคลั่ง" are tied to festivals such as Songkran, where collective euphoria is celebrated, reflecting a communal expression of joy rather than individual madness.

Usage Habits:

• Habit 1: "Delirious" and its Thai translations are frequently used in informal settings among younger demographics, such as social media or casual talks, due to their popularity in expressing intense emotions. In formal contexts like medicine, "สับสน" is more common and preferred by professionals for its precision.

Grammar Explanation

Grammatical Function: "Delirious" functions as an adjective, typically modifying nouns or pronouns to describe a state of mind or emotion (e.g., as a predicate adjective in "She was delirious").

Tense and Voice: As an adjective, "delirious" does not change with tense; it adapts to the verb's tense (e.g., "is delirious" in present, "was delirious" in past). It is passive in voice when describing states, as in medical contexts, but can be active in emotional descriptions.

References

Etymology and History:

The word "delirious" originates from the Latin "delirare," meaning "to deviate from a furrow" (as in plowing), which metaphorically evolved to signify mental deviation or madness. By the 16th century in English, it described states of confusion, and by the 19th century, it expanded to include ecstatic excitement, influenced by medical and literary developments.

Literary References:

• From Shakespeare's "Macbeth" (Act 5, Scene 3): "I am in blood stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o'er. Strange things I have in head that will to hand, which must be acted ere they may be scanned." Here, "delirious" isn't directly used, but the context implies a similar state of mental turmoil, showcasing early English usage of madness themes.
• From F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby": "He was delirious with joy at the thought of seeing her again." This modern reference highlights the word's emotional connotation in American literature, emphasizing themes of unattainable dreams.